What is the difference between the North Four Counties and the South Four Counties? Analysis and comparison of the differences between the northern and southern accents of Taiwanese Hakka dialects in four counties

The accent used by most people in Taiwanese Hakka is the Sixian accent, and the Sixian accent is further divided into the Northern Sixian accent and the Southern Sixian accent. What is the difference between these two accents? Will the difference be big? This article will explain in detail the differences between the two, as well as a comparative analysis of the differences between each other.

1 Introduction

The second largest ethnic group in Taiwan is the Hakka people, and their mother tongue is Hakka, but the Hakka language in Taiwan is divided into four counties,, Dapu, Raoping, Zhao’an, etc., and the most widely used accent is Sixian accent, including train platforms, buses, MRT, etc. The broadcasting system is usually based on Hakka in Sixian accent , so when non-native Hakka speakers want to learn Hakka, most of them choose to learn Sixian accent.

However, although most Hakka learners choose Sixian accent more often, when they choose to learn Sixian accent, they may find out why there is a "Nansixian accent"? What is the difference between Sixian accent and Nansixian accent?

The four-county dialect of Taiwanese Hakka is divided into the northern four-county dialect (or called Si-xian dialect, Bei-si-xian dialect, Bei-si-xian dialect, Bei-si-xian dialect, Miaoli dialect, etc.) and the southern four-county dialect ( or Nansi County dialect, Nansi County dialect, Liudui dialect, etc.), although they belong to the same four counties, they can generally communicate with each other, but there are still some differences in some vocabulary and phonology. Due to the difference between the north and the south, there are two kinds of accents used in the competition, the four counties in the north and the four counties in the south.

In short, although the vocabulary and phonology of the four counties in the south and the north are slightly different, but because the overall similarity is quite high, after learning the accents of the four counties in the north, learning the accents in the four counties in the south is more important than learning other accents It is much easier, and it is also easy to pass the Hakka certification of both the northern and southern accents. But will there be a lot of difference between the accents of the four counties in the south and the north? What is the difference? This article will introduce the differences between the two in detail and compare and contrast them with each other.

2 Scope of discussion

There are many Hakka-speaking populations in the world, including mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Suriname, India, Bangladesh, Bangladesh, and other Chinese Hakka communities. Every place in the region has different types, dialects, sub-dialects, and accents of Hakka, with a large number of categories. (For detailed Hakka classification, please refer to <How do you say it in Hakka?〉 article, there is a complete introduction to Hakka. )

The Taiwanese Hakka language is divided into four county accents,Cantonese, Dapu, Raoping, Zhao'an and other accents, but the title of this article is "Differences in the accents of the four counties in the north and south", so the text mentionedFocusing on the differences between the "Northern Sixian dialect" and "Southern Sixian dialect" in the Sixian dialect of Hakka in Taiwan, other types of Hakka and their content and usage are not within the scope of this article. If you want to understand the "four counties" and ""What is the difference, you can refer to <Four counties anddifference〉 article, there is a detailed introduction.

3 Background knowledge

Regardless of whether it is the northern four counties or the southern four counties, the Sixian dialect is originally one of the Hakka languages in Taiwan. Before understanding the differences between the northern four counties and the southern four counties, if you can have a general understanding of the concept of "Hakka" If you understand it, it will be helpful to understand this article, including the various types, distribution, user groups, number of users, basic pronunciation vocabulary, etc. of Hakka. In addition, the Hakka Pinyin used in this article uses the "Taiwanese Hakka Pinyin Scheme", and some phonetic symbols will be added in some places.

Therefore, the basic concepts and overview of the Hakka language, as well as the instructions on the use of phonetic symbols, are all written in <How do you say it in Hakka?〉In this article, readers can take the time to read it.

4 Difference Discussion

When learning Hakka, one of the Hakka languages that most people are most likely to come into contact with and learn is Sixian dialect, and Sixian dialect is divided into North Sixian dialect and South Sixian dialect. For learners, it may feel Curious, what is the difference between the Hakka dialect in the four counties in the north and the south? The following will analyze, explain and compare the differences between the two in detail in terms of the number of users, geographical distribution, language classification, phonology and pronunciation, and vocabulary and words.

4.1 Name differences

Due to the difference in the number of people used and the distribution of the scope of the four counties in the north and the four counties in the south, there are differences in the names. The following will compare some of the different names in the four counties in the north and the four counties in the south in detail, and explain the origin and reason.

Differences between the names of the four northern counties and the four southern counties

Classification	name, appellation, alias	Origin and Description
North Four County accent	Four counties, four county dialects, four county dialects, four county accents	Since the number of users and the scope of the four northern counties are the widest, while the four southern counties are relatively small, usually, if the "four counties in the north" are not specifically used to distinguish them from the four counties in the south, the "four counties" will be used to refer to the north. four counties. For example, the Hakka Council's "Dictionary of Commonly Used Hakka Words in Taiwan" uses "four counties" to refer to the four northern counties, and additionally uses "four southern counties" as a distinction; the Ministry of Education's "Hakka Pinyin Learning Network" also uses "four "Xianqiang" and "Nansixianqiang" are used to distinguish between the south and the north. The same is true for Hake Learning Network and Hakyu Certification.
	Beisixian, Beisixian accent, Beisixian accent, Beisixian dialect, Beisixian accent	Directly use the "Northern Four Counties" to distinguish from the "Southern Four Counties".
	Miaoli accent, Miaoli tone	Because the number of people who use the four counties is the widest and the most frequently used location is in Miaoli, it is sometimes called Miaoli cavity. However, the four-county cavity is widely distributed and not only concentrated in Miaoli, so it is rarely used. call.
	Northern Hakka, Northern Hakka, Northern Hakka	Since Sixian is the most widely used Hakka language in Taiwan, some places directly use northern Hakka and other words to refer to the northern Sixian dialect, but this usage is not accurate and cannot reflect the classification of various Taiwanese Hakka languages. .
Nansi County accent	Nansi County, Nansi County Dialect, Nansi County Dialect, Nansi County Dialect, Nansi County Dialect	Directly use the "four counties in the south" to distinguish them from the "four counties in the north".
	Liudui, Liudui Hakka, Liudui Hakka, Liudui Hakka	Since the population of Nansi County is usually distributed in the Liudui area of southern Taiwan, "Liudui" is used as the name of the local Hakka dialect.
	Southern Hakka, Southern Hakka, Southern Hakka	Since the Sixian accent is the most widely used Hakka language in Taiwan, some places directly use southern Hakka words to guide the Sixian accent, but this usage is relatively imprecise and cannot reflect the various Taiwanese Hakka dialects. Classification.

4.2 Differences in the number of users

According to the investigation by Hakka Committee, 58.4% of Hakka people use Sixian accent, 7.3% of Nansixian accent,The dialect is 44.8%, the Dapu dialect is 4.1%, the Raoping dialect is 2.6%, and the Zhao’an dialect is 1.7%. Since the same person may speak more than one Hakka sub-dialect, the sum of statistics will always exceed 100%. It can be seen from the data that the four counties,They are the first and second most used respectively, and the four southern counties rank third, although the southern four counties are not as good as the northern four counties and, but due to the four northern counties andIt is a large number, so it is likely that people who use other accents or languages will learn to use both the North Four Counties and the.

As for non-native Hakka speakers, usually when learning Hakka, they will give priority to learning the four-county dialect, because whether it is the train platform broadcasting system, the bus broadcasting system, the MRT broadcasting system, etc., the four-county dialect is the main one. Books and textbooks also use the Sixian dialect as the most popular, and the number of users is also the largest. However, the northern four counties and the southern four counties can generally communicate normally. There are only some differences in vocabulary and phonology. Sixianhui is easier than learning other accents.

4.3 Differences in Geographical Distribution

Because the number of people using the four-county accent is the widest and the most frequently used location is in Miaoli County, it is sometimes called Miaoli accent. However, the four-county accent is widely distributed and not only concentrated in Miaoli County, so it is relatively Use this term sparingly. As for the Liudui area of southern Taiwan, the vocabulary and phonology of the four-county accents in the north such as Miaoli are slightly different, so they are sometimes divided into northern four-county accents and southern four-county accents. For example, Hakka-related textbooks published by the Ministry of Education , and Hakka authentication.

The following are the three major distribution areas of Sixian Qiang, as well as the finer divisions:

1. Northern Taiwan:
   1. Taoyuan City: Zhongli, Pingzhen, Yangmei (partial) Longtan.
   2. Hsinchu County: Guanxi Town (part), Emei Township (part).
   3. Miaoli City, Jianqiao, Gongguan, Toufen (part), Nanzhuang (part), Dahu, Tongluo, Sanyi, West Lake, Touwu, Zhuolan (most), Tongxiao (part), Houlong (part ).
2. Liudui area in southern Taiwan:
   1. Pingtung County: Zhutian, Wanluan, Neipu, Changzhi, Linluo, Xinpi, Jiadong, Gaoshu.
   2. Kaohsiung City: Meinong, Shanlin, Liugui.
3. Eastern Taiwan:
   1. Taitung County: Chishang, Guanshan, Luye, Chenggong, Taimali, Beinan.
   2. Hualien County: Ji'an, Hualien, Fuli.

Types and distribution of Hakka in Taiwan. (Click on image to enlarge to view original size)

In 2010, the proportion of people aged six and over in Taiwan, Penghu, Jinma and Ma who spoke the language at home (you can choose multiple languages) in the urban population of the township where they are located.

The Liudui area in Pingtung, Kaohsiung is also the distribution area of Nansi County dialect.

4.4 Classification differences

Although the four counties in the north and the four counties in the south belong to the same category of Taiwanese Hakka, they can also have more detailed sub-dialects.

• Sino-Tibetan
  • Chinese
    • Hakka
      • Cantonese and Taiwanese films
        • Mei Hui small piece
          • Four County accent
            • North Four County accent
              • Toufen cavity
              • Longtan Opera
            • Nansi County accent
              • Wu Luo Qiang
              • Inner Chinese
              • Mino accent

Classification of the four Hakka counties in Taiwan

Classification			distributed
TaiwanHakkaDialect of four counties	Nansi County	Wuluoci dialect	Pingtung
		Neipu sub-dialect	Pingtung
		Mino sub dialect	Kaohsiung
	North four counties	Toufen dialect	Miaoli
		Longtan sub-dialect	Taoyuan

4.5 Pronunciation differences

The difference between the four counties in the north and the four counties in the south is not only the difference in the number of users, distribution, and classification mentioned above, but also the difference in pronunciation that can best reflect the difference between the two. , pitch change, etc. What are the differences in pronunciation.

4.5.1 Initial difference

Most of theThe Hakka dialects in the four counties only have 18 consonants, but in southern Taiwan LiuduiThe Hakka dialects in Gaoshu, Jiadong and Xinpi have 19 initials, because the high vowel zero initials of the Hakka languages in these three regions will have friction, soOne more initial "rh"(The International Phonetic Alphabet is "ʒ" and the phonetic symbol is "ㄖ").

Differences in Initial Consonants between North Four Counties and South Four Counties

Classification	four counties
	North four counties	Nansi County
		Gaoshu, Jiadong, Xinpi	other
number of initials	18	19	18

The following are examples of Chinese characters with the initial consonant "i" in Hakka (without marking the tone).

	medical	Aunt	rain	meaning	one	wing
Miaoli	i	i	i	i	it	it
Changle	i	i	i	i	it	it
tall tree	rhy	rhy	rhy	rhy	rhyt	rhyt
Mino	i	i	i	i	i	i
Wan Luan	i	i	i	i	i	i

4.5.2 Differences in Finals

 One of the most important reasons for communication barriers among languages, dialects, sub-dialects or tones is that the finals are too different. The following will discuss some differences between the finals of the northern and southern tones of the four county dialects of Taiwanese Hakka.

In addition, if the following table has a distinction of "Others" in the column of the four southern counties under the four counties, it means that besides Gaoshu, Jiadong, and Xinpi in Pingtung, the other six areas include Meinong and Shanlin in Kaohsiung. , Liugui, and eight Hakka towns in Pingtung, including Zhutian, Changzhi, Linluo, Neipu, and Wanluan.

4.5.2.1 Separation, combination and presence of "ii"

Generally speaking, most Hakka dialects (including the four northern counties and some southern four counties) have "i" (the phonetic symbol is "ㄧ" and the International Phonetic Alphabet is "i"), and usually also have "ii" (the phonetic symbol is "ㆨ" or "ㄭ", and the International Phonetic Alphabet is "ɨ"), but the Liudui in southern TaiwanGaoshu, Jiadong, Xinpi and other places will change the pronunciation of the final "ii" to "i", and also change the initials "z, c, s" to "j, q, x" , the following is the comparison(without pitch).

The "ii" separation and existence of the four northern counties and the four southern counties

example word	four counties
	North four counties	Nansi County
		Gaoshu, Jiadong, Xinpi	other
capital	zii	the ji	zii
pool	cii	qi	cii
shit	sii	xi	sii
vinegar	cii	qi	cii
son	zii	the ji	zii

By the way, apart from Gaoshu, Jiadong, Xinpi and some Nansi county dialects where "ii" is pronounced "i", Yunlin's Zhao'an dialect and Zhuolan's Raoping dialect also have this phenomenon (Taoyuan This is not the case with the Zhaoan accent of Taoyuan, the Raoping accent of Taoyuan, and other Hakka accents).

In addition, from the above description, it can be known that most of the Nansixian dialects have the apical vowel "ii", exceptMost people in Gaoshu, Xinpi, Jiadong and other areas have incorporated "ii" into the front high vowel "i"(that is, neutralize these two differences into the same vowel), but they are both in Liudui areaMeinong, Wanluan, Neipu, Zhutian, etc. in the four southern counties still retain the distinction between "ii" and "i"., the following is a comparison (without marking the tone).

example word	Mino	Wan Luan	tall tree	Xinpi
Zhi economy	zii	zii	the ji	the ji
	the ji	the ji
since go	zii	cii	qi	qi
	the ji	qi
drive die	sii	sii	xi	xi
	xi	xi

4.5.2.2 The difference between "ian" and "ien"

 Among the various sub-dialects of Taiwanese Hakka, the differences in vowels, the most interesting and important theme is probably the changes of "ian", "ien" and "iat", "iet". Let's look at the following list first (not marked tone).

Differences between "ian" and "ien" in the four counties in the north and south

example word	four counties
	North four counties	Nansi County
		Gaoshu, Xinpi, Jiadong	other
sky	Tien	Tien	tian
Year	ngien	ngien	ngian
electricity	Tien	Tien	tian

Taking the Hakka dialect in Meinong again, you will find that the changes between "ian", "ien", "iat", and "iet" have a great relationship with the initial consonants, as shown in the table below (the tone is not marked).

"ian", "ien" and "iat" and "iet" in Nakamino Village in the four southern counties

Classification	"ian", "ien" and "iat", "iet" in Mino Shonai
initials	the ian	ien	iat	iet
none	smoke		dig iat
root g k h ng	Between gian hold kian Hian year nian		knot giat missing kiat rest hiat hot ngiat
other j q x d		Fried jien Qian Qien line xien Dien		Jiet cut qiet Color Xiet fall diet

However, Hakka dialects spoken in Liudui area of southern Taiwan except Meinongzhuang (for example: Gaoshu, Jiadong, Changzhi, Xinpi, Neipu, etc.), no matter which initial consonant is followed, only "ien" and "iet ", and the finals of "ian" or "iat" are not pronounced, please see the table below (without marking the tone).

cigarette	ien
between	gien
money	qien
sky	Tien
Year	ngien
dig	iet
Festival	jieet

In other words, it is like the rule of changing "ian" to "ien" in Chinese (the phonetic "ㄢ" alone is pronounced as the chorus of "ㄚㄋ", but "ㄧㄢ" becomes "ㄧㄝㄋ", the same is Example of changing from "ㄧㄚㄋ" to "ㄧㄝㄋ"), the Nansi County accents other than Chinese and Meinong will not change no matter what initial consonant they are connected to, while the Meinong accent will be produced according to the initial in front of the final. ian" and "ien" with conditional phonological changes.

In addition, there is also an example of the final that causes the change of "a" to "e" is "uat". However, due to this situation, there are not many characters, and only a few literatures discuss it. Two words are used as examples (without marking the tone).

example word	Gaoshu, Changzhi, Jiadong	Guangxing, Dexie, Jidong
country	guat	guat/guet
shave	guat	guess

4.5.2.3 The difference between "ai" and "e"

The entire system of the Chinese family is slowly developing towards the restriction that "intermediate sounds and vowel endings cannot be the same". For example, many "iai" in Chinese are now pronounced as "ia" (for example: "Ya"). Similarly, the Hakka language has the same development. In the Meinong area, the older generation (over 55 years old) usually say "songˊ kiaiˊ" for the word "shangjie", while middle-aged people (about 30 to 50 years old Between) are often used in both "songˊ kiaiˊ" and "songˊ kieˊ". Most of the younger generation say "songˊ kieˊ", while some primary school students will say "songˊ kieˊ" or "songˊ keˊ".

From the above example, it can be seen that the transformation of "iai"→"ie"→"e" shows that the changes of finals such as "iai, ie, ai, e" are not completely stable. The following sorts out some differences (without marking the tone).

example word	four counties
	North four counties	Nansi County
		Mino, Takaki, Changzhi, etc.	other
untie	gie	giai	gie
street	gie	giai	gie

4.5.2.4 Difference between "i" and "ui"

Gaoshu, Xindi, Jiadong, etc. in the Liudui area in southern Taiwan, for the sounds of "vi", "fi" and "mi", some people will pronounce them as "vui", "fui" or "mui". Even the same person may use the two interchangeably.

However, according to traditional phonology, "there is no light lip" (the "light lip" here refers to the "labiodental sound"), so the voiced initial "v" of Hakka's labiodental sound probably comes from the back high vowel "u "" extension and strengthening (friction), the change of Hakka "i" and "ui" just provides this proof.

In addition, the different pronunciation of "i" and "ui" only occurs behind the bilabial consonants "b", "p", "m" and labiodental "f", "v", which shows that there is some alienation from the labial consonants Therefore, this is because "ui" has a labial vowel "u". See the table below for example words (without marking the tone).

Differences between "i" and "ui" in the four counties in the north and south

example word	four counties
	North four counties	Nansi County
		Gaoshu, Xinpi, Jiadong	other
Stomach	vi	vi / vui	vi
No	the fi	fi / fui	the fi
Every	mi	mi / mui	mi
Fat	p	p	p

From the table above, it can be seen that most of the four counties (including the four northern counties and the four southern counties) use "i", and only a few of the four southern counties (Gaoshu, Xinpi, Jiadong, etc.) use "ui" at the same time, but few Some of the four northern counties actually use "ui", for example: Zhongliao and Xinyi, see the table below.

The rhyme of "fat"	four counties
i	Jingshan, Pinglin, Shuangliantan, Zhongshan, Dongsheng, Baibufan, Puwei, Xipingli, Erlin, Zhutang, Pitou, Xizhou, Guoxing, Yuchi, Shuili
ui	Zhongliao, Xinyi

4.5.3 Tone differences

The northern four-county dialect of Taiwanese Hakka is the same as some southern four-county dialects, but it is different from some southern four-county dialects, such as Meinong District in Kaohsiung City. The difference between North and South Four County Meinong Tune and South Four County Meinong Tune lies in the "Yin Ping Tune" (the first tone in the Hakka dialect) in the flat tone of the four tones.The tone quality (tone value) of the Yinping tune in the northern four counties and some of the southern four counties is "24", but the Meinong accent in the southern four counties is "33"., a more detailed comparative analysis is arranged in the following table (taking the character "花" as an example).

The Tonal Difference Between the Four North Counties and the Four South Counties

Hakka accent	The four northern counties and some of the four southern counties	Part of the four southern counties (eg: Meinong)
Hakka tone	1st sound
Chinese four tones	level voice
Four tones of yin and yang	Yinping
Hakka Example Words	flower
pitch value	fa24	fa33
tone marks	fa'	fa+
phonetic notation	ㄈㄚ"	ㄈㄚ˫
pronunciation essentials	short rise	Zhongping

4.5.4 Differences in pitch transposition

　　Continuous modulation is also called modulation,Most languages of the Chinese family have continuous tone sandhi, and Hakka is no exception. The so-called tone sandhi refers to the fact that the original tone will change in certain contexts or situations, such as the Chinese "younǐㄋㄧˇgoodhǎoㄏㄠˇ" to "youníㄋㄧˊgoodhǎoㄏㄠˇ", the following will introduce the differences in tone transposition between the four counties in the South and North.

4.5.4.1 Tone Modification Differences of Compound Words

existfour countiesIn the compound words (two-character words), if the preceding character isYinping tone (tone value 24) and the following characters are Yinping (tone value 24), Qusheng (tone value 55) or Yangru (tone value 5) toneIf so, then the characters in front Yinping tone (tone value 24) should beChange it to Yangping tune (tone value 11);But whenPart of the four southern counties (for example: Meinong accent)Among the compound words of , if the tone of the preceding word isYangping (tone value 11) tone and not placed at the end of the word, no matter what tone is followed by a word, the tone of the previous word must beChange it to Yinping tone (the tone value of Meinong accent is 33).

From this we can find two interesting phenomena of tone transposition in the four counties, that is, the direction of the tone transposition is just opposite.

Differences in the Tone Modification of Compound Words in the Four Counties of the North and the Four Counties of the South

Hakka accent	Tone Modification of Compound Words
North Four County accent	1. Yin PingjiaYinping to Yangping Rules: When adding Yinping characters to Yinping characters, the tone of the preceding Yinping characters must be changed into Yangping tones. formula:1st soundTone value "24"Modality "ˊ" + 1st soundTone value "24"Modality "ˊ" → 5th soundTone value "11"Tone "ˇ" + 1st soundTone value "24"Modality "ˊ". example:Eastdung' (24)ㄉㄨㄫˊWestxiˊ(24)ㄒㄧˊ → Eastdung (11)ㄉㄨㄫˇWestxiˊ(24)ㄒㄧˊ. 2. Yinping plus Qusheng becomes Yangping Rules: Add the tone of the Yinping character, and the tone of the preceding Yinping character must be changed into a Yangping tone. formula:1st soundTone value "24"Modality "ˊ" + 3rd soundTone value "55"Tone " " → 5th soundTone value "11"Tone "ˇ" + 3rd soundTone value "55"Tone " ". example:Passtung' (24)ㄊㄨㄫˊPassgo (55)ㄍㄛ → Passtung (11)ㄊㄨㄫˇPassgo (55)ㄍㄛ. 3. Yinping plus Yang into Yangping Rules: When Yinping characters are added to Yangru characters, the tone of the preceding Yinping characters must be changed into Yangping tones. formula:1st soundTone value "24"Modality "ˊ" + 6th soundTone value "5"Modality "b, d, g" →  5th soundTone value "11"Tone "ˇ" + 6th soundTone value "5"Modality "b, d, g". example:beepung' (24) ㄆㄨㄫˊ honeymed (5)ㄇ ㄝ ㄉ → beepung (11)ㄆㄨㄫˇhoneymed (5)ㄇ ㄝ ㄉ.
Part of Nansi County accent	Yangping plus any tone becomes Yinping Rules: When Yangping characters are added with any tones, the tones of the previous Yangping characters must be changed to Yinping tones. formula:Hinata(Tone value "11")(Tone "ˇ") + word of any tone→ Yinping characters(Tone value "33")(Modal "+") + Words of any tone. example: Xian(hien (11))(ㄏㄧㄝㄋˇ)people(ngin (11))(ㄫㄧㄋˇ)→Xian(hien+ (33))(ㄏㄧㄝㄋ˫)people(ngin (11))(ㄫㄧㄋˇ) sweet(tiam (11))(ㄊ一ㄚㄇˇ)meal(fan (55))(ㄈ ㄚ ㄋ)→sweet(tiam+ (33))(ㄊ一ㄚㄇ˫)meal(fan (55))(ㄈ ㄚ ㄋ) Seedling(meuˇ (11))(ㄇㄝㄨˇ)chestnut(lid (5))(ㄌㄧㄉ)→Seedling(meu+ (33))(ㄇㄝㄨ˫)chestnut(lid (5))(ㄌㄧㄉ) hour(siiˇ (11))(ㄙˇ)between(gien' (24))(ㄍㄧㄝㄋˊ→hoursii+ (33)ㄙ˫betweengien' (24)ㄍㄧㄝㄋˊ) Quarrel(cau (11))(ㄘㄚㄨˇ)die(xiˋ (31))(ㄒㄧˋ)→Quarrel(cau+ (33))(ㄘㄚㄨ˫)die(xiˋ (31))(ㄒㄧˋ) Oil(iuˇ (11))(ㄧ ㄨ ˇ)Wood(mug (2))(ㄇㄨㄍˋ)→Oil(iu+ (33))(ㄧㄨ˫)Wood(mug (2))(ㄇㄨㄍˋ)

Although it can be seen from the above content that the tone-modification directions of the dialects of the four counties of the South and the North are opposite, but some words in both of them become the homophony of the original tone of other words after the tone-modulation, that is, two words that are originally different in tone. After the tone of one of the words is changed, both of them become homonyms.

North four counties	Part of Nansi County
add(tiam' (24) )(ㄊㄧㄝㄋˇ)meal(fan (55))(ㄈ ㄚ ㄋ)→add(tiam (11))(ㄊㄧㄝㄋˇ)meal(fan (55))(ㄈ ㄚ ㄋ) sweet(tiam (11))(ㄊㄧㄝㄋˇ)meal(fan (55))(ㄈ ㄚ ㄋ)	sweet(tiam (11))(ㄊㄧㄝㄋˇ)meal(fan (55))(ㄈ ㄚ ㄋ)→sweet(tiam+ (33))(ㄊㄧㄝㄋ˫)meal(fan (55))(ㄈ ㄚ ㄋ) add(tiam+ (33))(ㄊㄧㄝㄋ˫)meal(fan (55))(ㄈ ㄚ ㄋ)
wind(fun (24))(ㄈㄨㄫˊ)Clothes(i' (24))(ㄧˊ)→wind(fun (11))(ㄈㄨㄫˇ)Clothes(i' (24))(ㄧˊ) red(fun (11))(ㄈㄨㄫˇ)Clothes(i' (24))(ㄧˊ))	red(fun (11))(ㄈㄨㄫˇ)Clothes(i+ (33))(ㄧ˫)→red(fun+ (33))(ㄈㄨㄫ˫)Clothes(i+ (33))(ㄧ˫) wind(fun+ (33))(ㄈㄨㄫㄈㄨㄫ˫)Clothes(i+ (33))(ㄧ˫)

In addition, the Daluguan accent is two tones in Guangfu Village, Daluguan. There are seven changing rules, which belong to the low-key Yinping tune and Yangping tune, and most of the tunes after the tune change are Zhongping tunes (tone value 33 ) or middle rising tone (tone value 35), so the local rising tone will sound higher than that of Liudui Nansixian accent in other regions.

4.5.4.2 Differences in the tone sandhi of the suffix "Zai"

In addition to the tone sandhi of compound words in the Sixian accent, the tone of the noun suffix "Zai" will also change. This word will change due to the different tone of the preceding word. )” with these two pronunciations. RuofuWhen the tone of the previous character is Shangsheng (tone value 31) or Yinjin (tone value 2), "喀" should be pronounced as "eˇ; But if the previous word is unchanged when other tones. However, no matter what the tone of the preceding character of "Zai" is,None of the dialects in the four southern counties have this tone change..

Differences in the Tone Modification of the Character "Zai" in the Four Counties of the North and the Four Counties of the South

Hakka accent	Explanation of the tone change of the character "Zai"
North Four County accent	Add the word "Aberdeen" in the upper voice Rules: Add the word "Zai" to the upper tone character, and the tone of "Zai" must be changed from upper tone (tone value 31) to Yangping tone (tone value 11). formula:ShangshengziTone value "31"Tone "ˋ" + "young"Tone value "31"Tone "ˋ" → ShangshengziTone value "31"Tone "ˋ" + "young"Tone value "11"Tone "ˇ". example:date(zo (31))(ㄗㄛˋ)young(e (31))(ㄝˋ)→date(zo (31))(ㄗㄛˋ)young(eˇ (11))(ㄝˇ). Add the word "Aberdeen" in Yin Rules: Add the word "Zai" to the yin character, and the tone of "Zai" must be changed from an upper tone (tone value 31) to a Yangping tone (tone value 11). formula:Yin typeTone value "2"Tone pattern "pˋ, tˋ, kˋ" + "young"Tone value "31"Tone "ˋ" → Yin typeTone value "2"Tone pattern "pˋ, tˋ, kˋ" + "young"Tone value "11"Tone "ˇ". example:table(zog (2))(ㄗㄛㄍˋ)young(e (31))(ㄝˋ)→table(zog (2))(ㄗㄛㄍˋ)young(eˇ (11))(ㄝˇ).
Nansi County accent	There is no such tone change in the four southern counties.

4.6 Lexical differences

Usually when looking at the difference between a language, dialect, sub-dialect or accent, the first difference is the pronunciation, but the more similar the pronunciation of the language is, the more similar the pronunciation is, only the difference of different accents can be shown, and the dialect can be more revealed The difference is the vocabulary.

Although there are some differences in pronunciation between the northern accent and the southern accent of the Taiwanese Hakka four-county dialect, the difference is not too great. Even if you still feel the difference in pronunciation, accent, etc., you can still communicate with each other normally on the whole. . Take the word "xian" in Taiwan's Hakka "Sixian dialect", the word "xian" in the northern Sixian dialect is pronounced as "ien", while the southern Sixian dialect is pronounced as "ian", but it is generally understandable the meaning expressed by the other party.

The most obvious difference is the difference in the use of vocabulary. The above-mentioned difference in the pronunciation of the word "county" in the four counties in the north and south is only in the pronunciation of the word, but it is still the same word "county". The difference in the use of vocabulary may be that some characters in a word are different, just like the Chinese word "disappeared" is "wujiantu" in the northern four counties, and "wujianhe" in the southern four counties; Vocabulary is used differently. For example, the Chinese word "thank you" is used "恁careful" in the four northern counties, while "thank you" is more commonly used in the four southern counties.

As for other than the above examples, what other lexical usages are there that are different in Hakka Beisixian accent and Nansixian accent? Although the Hakka Council’s “Elementary Hakka Vocabulary for Hakka Proficiency Certification” is divided into four counties,There are five Hakka accents, Dapu accent, Raoping accent, and Zhaoan accent, but there is no independent version of "Nansixian accent", but the Nansixian accent is merged into the four-county accent, so The vocabulary that differs between the four counties in the north and the four counties in the south will be sorted out into a table, and you can directly check the differences in the vocabulary used between the two counties. Only words with differences between the two are listed below, and no differences are listed if there is no difference.

In addition, as long as the vocabulary difference is that the pronunciation of the four counties in the north and the south is different, it will be listed, even if the vocabulary is the same, it will be listed. So and <four counties difference〉 article, in the way of selecting lexical differences is different, becauseThe pronunciation itself of the four counties will not be the same (because the tone is completely opposite), so the words will be listed if they are different, and the words that have the same length but different pronunciation will not be listed.

4.6.1 Elementary Hakka Vocabulary

There are "1284" words in the Hakka certification "Elementary Hakka" (2019), and "87" words with differences between the four counties in the south and north, and only about "6 %" Hakka elementary words in There are differences between the four counties in the South and North.

Differences in Primary Hakka Vocabulary between the Four Counties in the North and the Four Counties in the South

Chinese	Hakka North Four County accent		Hakka Nansi County accent
	vocabulary	phonetic symbols	vocabulary	phonetic symbols
Get ill	Aberdeen )	bodˋpiangeˋ	onset )	bod piang
cold	cold	honˇdoˋ	frozen	dung do
butt	feces	sii vudˋ	feces	sii fud
work hard	spell	biang	spell	bia
think, feel	try	cii doˋ	measured	zed do
do not remember	don't remember, add	mˇ gi dedˋ, tiamˊ biong tedˋ	add core	tiamˊ biong hedˋ
place	put	biong	hide	kong
leave	throw	deb	擳	jied
hide	hide	kong	庰	biang
fishing	fishing	leuˇ	fishing	lauˇ
twist; twist	twist	ngiuˋ / neuˋ	twist	niu
go home	change	zon	return	gui'
go back	turn to	zon hi	go back	gui ˊhi
return	transfer	zonˆloiˇ	come back	gui ˊloiˇ
crisp	crisp	ce	crisp	ce / coi
pretty	pretty	jiangˊ	noisy	nau
grey	mouse color	lo cuˋ sedˋ	mouse color	no cuˋ sedˋ
gone, gone	don't see it	mˇgien tedˋ	no nuclear	mˇgien hedˋ
calendar	calendar	ngied lag	calendar boy	ngiad lag eˋ
Danger	Danger	nguiˇhiamˋ	Danger	munˇhiamˋ
casual	to the fullest	qin cai	to the fullest	qin caiˊ
world	world	sii gie	world	sii giai
obesity	big hoop	tai kieuˊ	big hoop	tai ko'
Mother	slim Shady	a'me'	Mum	m maˋ
sister	sister	aˊjiˋ	sister	a'ze
grandmother	grandma	aˊ poˇ	grandma	a'ma
grandpa	brother in law	jiaˊgungˊ	Grandpa	ngoi aˊ gungˊ
grandmother	sister in law	jiaˇpoˇ	grandma	ngoi aˊpoˇ 、aˊpoˇ
aunt	Uncle	sug me'	Mumu, Ruo Ruo	me' me', mi' ngia'
wife	Madam	buˊngongˇ	Sister	jiaˋeˋ
Thanks	ye carefully, thanks to you	anˋziiˋse, siinˇmungˇnˇ	thanks	do'qia
Gift	wait for the way	den lu	delusion	ngong / nong xiongˋ
respond, answer	answer	en	answer	in
joke	joking	gong seu	verbal abuse	gong nag
Miss	little sister	se aˊjiˋeˇ	little sister	se aˊ jiˋeˋ
goodbye	is coming	zang loiˇ liau	is coming	ngiang / nang loiˇ liau
cleaning	spell scan	biang so	clean	qinˊgiadˋ
cake	egg cake, egg cake	gieˊ lonˋgauˊ, lonˋgauˊ	Egg Cake	geˊnonˊgauˊ, geˊlonˋgauˊ
hole, hole	null	kung'	null	Kang'
sock	socks	madˋeˇ	socks	mad e
Glasses	eyepiece	mug giang	glasses, glasses	ngianˋ giang ngianˋgaˊeˋ
Alarm clock	alarm clock boy	nau zungˊ eˋ	Alarm clock	nau zungˊ
house	Aberdeen	vugˋeˇ	Aberdeen	vugˋeˋ
at home	house, house	vugˊhaˊ, vugˋkaˊ	under the house	lugˋkaˊ
mouse	mouse	lo cuˋ	mouse	no cu
chicken	chicken	gieˊeˋ	chicken	geˊeˋ
dog	paparazzi	gieuˋeˇ	paparazzi	gieuˋeˋ
duck	ducklings	abˋeˇ	ducklings	ab e
bee	Sugar bee	tongˇpungˊ eˋ	bee larvae	fungˊeˋ
bamboo	Bamboo	zugˋeˇ	Bamboo	zug e
airplane	flying machine	biˊ / fiˊ hangˊgiˊ	flying machine	biˊ / fiˊiangˇgiˊ
taxi	taxi	gie cangˇ caˊ	taxi	gie hangˇcaˊ
street	street	gie'	street	giaiˊ
car	car	hi ca'	Automatic car	cii tung caˊ
locomotive	locomotive, odoby	giˊ caˊ, oˊdo baiˋ	engine	enˊjinˋ
bill	bill	fadˋpeuˊ	bill	fad peu
hostel	hostel	liˊ gonˋ	hostel	li gon
football	football, football	jiugˋkiuˇ, giogˋkiuˇ	football, football	zugˋkiuˇ, giogˋkiuˇ
travel	travel	liˊ hangˇ	travel	liˋhangˇ
Zongzi	Zongzai	tag zung e	Wrapped Zongzi	go zung e
We	Everyone	enˊ tai gaˊ	wait for everyone	gaiˇ denˊ tai gaˊ
We (including all listeners)	this pocket	enˊiaˋdeuˊ	Yan Ya, etc.	ngaiˇdenˊ
them	Qu pocket	giˇdeuˊ	Qu etc.	iˇ denˊ / giˇienˊ
you	you pocket	nˇdeuˊ	wait	nˇdenˊ
where	who	nai vi	which boy	nai eˋ
We (excluding the addressee)	Yanyadou, Yanyadou	ngaiˇ deuˊ 、ngaiˇiaˋdeuˊ	Yan Ya, etc.	ngaiˇdenˊ
team (quantifier)	Team	cui	Team	dui
Except; remove	In addition to	cuˇtedˋ	denuclearization	cuˇhedˋ
... drop; finish, end	...... Intuit	ted	……nuclear	hed
Every……	by	dag	Every	mi'
very……	when……	don't	build……	goi
How many	how many	gidˋdoˊ	how many	idˋdoˊ
Hurry up, hurry up	suddenly	giagˋgiagˋ	A total of fast	kiung kuai / qiong kuai
next year; after the Chinese New Year, after the Spring Festival	New Year, Next Year, New Year)	go tedˋngienˇ, mangˇngienˇ, go eˋngienˇ	nuclear year	go hedˋngianˇ
very……	return	han	return	van
Now	Here, now, now	iaˊha, gimˊ ha, hien ha	now	ginˊ ga, hian ha
all of a sudden	Aberdeen	idˋhaeˋ	Aberdeen	idˋ ha eˊ
Frequent	noir	jiab jiab	noir	diab diab
compared to...	compared to...	ka	Pass……	go
Full	calm water	nem'	Full	man'
immediately, immediately, immediately	sticky, sticky	ngiamˇsiiˇ, ngiamˇpiˇ	sticky, sticky	liamˇ siiˇ, liamˇ piˇ
daytime	time of day	ngidˋ siiˇ teuˇ	time of day	ngidˋ siiˋ teuˇ
most……	do...	qin	most……	zui
……beside	……lip	sun	……lip	siinˇ / sunˇ
tomorrow, next day	sunny day	tienˊ gongˊngidˋ	sunny day	tiangˊgongˊngidˋ
Again; just now, just, only, equivalent to "cai" in Chinese	just	zang	just	ngiang / nang / lang
often	long, long	congˇgienˊ、congˇteu	long time, often, often	congˊgianˊ, denˊsongˇ, ginˊsongˇ

(2) Intermediate and Advanced Hakka Vocabulary

There are "1760" words in the Hakka Certification "Intermediate and Advanced Hakka" (2019), and there are "283" words with differences between the four counties in the south and north, about "16 %" intermediate and middle The advanced vocabulary is different in the four counties of South and North.

Differences in Intermediate and Advanced Hakka Vocabulary between the Four Counties in the North and the Four Counties in the South

Chinese	Hakka North Four County accent		Hakka Nansi County accent
	vocabulary	phonetic symbols	vocabulary	phonetic symbols
go crazy; have a nightmare	crazy	bodˋkongˇ	Fading	bodˋ qiangˊ miangˇ
smoke, smoke	To smoke	buˇienˊ	To smoke	bagˊianˊ
bleed	bleeding	cud'hied'	bleeding	cudˋ hiadˋ
Vomit	vomit	eu	turn	pon'
ankle	foot beads	giogˋmugˋzuˊ	Pearl	giogˋmugˋzuˊ inˇ
Throat	throat	heuˇ lienˇ	throat diameter	heuˇ lienˇ guang
Blood vessel	Blood vessel	hied gon	Blood vessel	hiad gon
body	round body	ienˇsiinˊ	round body	ianˇsiinˊ
attack	lift up	kiaˇhiˋloiˇ	lift up	kiangˇhiˋloiˇ
fist	Fist girl	kienˇ teuˇ maˇ	Fist girl	kianˇteuˇmaˇ
uncomfortable	not natural	mˇcii ienˇ	not natural	mˇcii ianˇ
Hard of hearing, hard of hearing	behind-the-ear	ngiˋ poi poi eˋ	behind-the-ear	ngiˋ poi poi eˊ
hospitalized	admission	ngib ien	admission	ngib ian
brain matter	brain shit	no siiˋ	Brain pulp	noˋ siiˋ jiongˊ
upset	upset	au nau	annoyed	au zau
sulking	send out	bod ad	Yan Yan	adˋ adˋ
easy, comfortable; of course, without a doubt	nature	cii ienˇ	nature	cii ianˇ
Difficult; sad; difficult	hard	ganˊ / gienˊ kuˋ	hard	gianˊ kuˋ
shy	Shocked	giangˊ gien seu	Shocked	giangˊ gian seu
Decide	Decide	gied tin	Decide	giad tin
persist in	persist in	gienˊ ciiˇ	persist in	gianˊ ciiˇ
enjoyable	Wish	go ngien	Wish	go ngian
get used to something	Momentum	guan se	routine	guan xi
to complain	blame	ien	blame	the ian
Think	talking, talking	va doˋ, lauˋ doˋ	feel	go do
learn	learn	liau gie	learn	liauˋ giaiˋ
Unwilling	unwilling	mˇgamˊngien	unwilling	mˇgamˊngian
jealousy	Muchi, Muzhuhong	mugˋ cagˋ, mugˋ zuˊ fungˇ	jealous	ngianˇfungˇ
Smile	Xiaoxiaozi	seu seu eˋ	Xiaoxiaozi	seu seu eˊ
Wronged	Wronged	viˊkudˋ	Wronged	viˊkiudˋ
them	He's got people, he's got friends	giˇ deuˊ nginˇ, giˇ deuˊ saˇ	Qu etc.	iˇ denˊ / nenˊ
you	You go around, you go around	ngˇ deuˊ nginˇ, ngˇ deuˊ saˇ	wait	nˇ denˊ / nenˊ
We (excluding the addressee)	Yanyadouren, Yanyadoupei	ngaiˇ deuˊ nginˇ, ngaiˇ deuˊ saˇ	Yan Ya, etc.	ngaiˇ denˊ, ngaiˇnenˊ
other people	others	ped saˇnginˇ	other peers	ped saˇ
conceal, hide	cover up	am' den	cover up	amˊdenˋ
put on	pull	bad	pull	pad
The act of sucking (for smoking)	㗘	bog	㗘	bag
smoke (smoking)	㗘 smoke	bog ienˊ	㗘 smoke	bag ian'
Pursue	Pursue	duiˊkiuˇ	Pursue	zuiˊ kiuˇ
poke, top	poke out	dung	poke out	tung
solve	solve	giegiedˋ	solve	giaiˋ giadˋ
illustrate	commentary	gie sod	commentary	giai sod
explain	explain	gie siid	explain	giaiˋ siidˋ
abstinence	quit	gie	quit	giai
picky eater	pick food	gien siid	pick food	gianˋsiid
lift up	lift	hienˊ / ienˊ	lift	hianˊ/ianˊ
Sculpture	carve	kad	carve	Kied
take away	take away	kiaˇzeuˋ	title / take away	hamˇzeuˋ
the climb	kick	kissed	kick	kiad
rotate, turn	overwhelmed	lid	Ding Ding	din'
Tuan Tuan Zhuan (often used for people)	Turn around	lidˋlidˋzonˋ	Ding Ding Ding Zhuan	dinˊ dinˊ zonˊ
alley	搣	med	搣	mied
get, get	dance to	mu do	v u do	dance to
tickle	scratch	neu'	limb	the ji
throw away	Intuit	vog ted	core	vog hed
Chinese cabbage	Heart white	bau'xim'pag	Shandong White	san'dung'pag
sparrow	roof bird	vugˋiamˇdiauˊ、vugˋ gogˋdiauˊ	Wo Zizi	voˇ / loˇ bidˋeˋ
Pigeon	Moon Pigeon	ngied gabˋeˇ	Moon Pigeon	ngiad gabˋeˋ
swallow	Yanzi	ien eˋ	Yanzi	ian eˋ
moth or butterfly	Butterfly	iag eˋ	Butterfly	iab e
Butterfly	Young Butterfly	iongˇiag eˋ	Young Butterfly	iongˇiab eˋ
(animal) return to nest	turn sinus	zon deu	Guidou	guiˊdeu
ash	ashes	foˋfoiˊ	Ash	foi'
Mud	mud ball	naiˇtonˇ	clay pot	naiˇkid
turn off	Ute	vuˊtedˋ	black core	vuˊ hedˋ
bear fruit	tie	da, gied	tie	da, giad
certainly	certainly	dongˊienˇ	certainly	dongˊianˇ
Finish	Finish	giedˋsugˋ	Finish	giadˋsugˋ
that is	on the line	qiu he	on the line	lu he
Gather firewood	pick up firewood	giamˋceuˇ	Nian Qiao	ngiamˊ ceuˇ
Soap	tea hoop	caˇguˊ	Panicine	fanˊ gienˋ / gianˋ
to live	Day boy	go ngidˋeˇ	Day boy	go ngidˋeˋ
shave	Shaved Mushrooms, Shavings	pauˇxiˊ guˊ, guadˊxiˊ	shaving mushroom	ti xiˊ guˊ
do needlework	Needle	kiaˇziimˊ	Take the needle	naˊ ziimˊ
Vest	Aberdeen	gabˋeˇ	hanging bag	gua gab e
padded jacket	Jacket	oˋpoˇ	Aozi	oˋeˋ
to dry (clothes)	air	langˇ	air	long
short stay, accommodation	rest	hied	rest	hiad
threshold	threshold, threshold	munˇkiamˊ、fuˇkiamˊ	threshold, threshold	munˇkiamˊ、fuˇkiamˊ
button	button	neuˋeˇ	Button	kieu eˋ
Gloves	hands down	suˋlabˋeˇ	hands down	suˋlabˋeˋ
Electric pot	electric wok	tien vog eˋ	Electric cooker	tien boˊ eˋ
picture wall	picture wall, wall	tuˇ qiongˇ, viˇ qiongˇ	picture wall, wall	tuˇxiongˇ, viˇxiongˇ
cupboard	cupboard, bowl stack	vonˋcuˇ, vonˋcan eˋ	Zhanzi	can e
fork	plug	cab eˇ	plug	cab e
tea	tea rice	caˇmiˋ	tea heart	caˇximˊ
Red yeast rice distiller's grains	bad mom	zoˊ maˇ	distiller's grains	jiuˋzoˊ
ice cubes	ice cream	ben'kud	ice cream	ben' kid
sausage	Sausage	ienˊcongˇ	Enema	gon congˇ
Steamed bun	Steamed bun	manˇteuˇ	Steamed bun	man' to
Fucai	Garlic	pug coi	Garlic	fug coi
pork belly	triple meat	samˊ cenˇ ngiugˋ	Three-layer nitrile	samˊ cenˇ jiangˊ
touch river clams	looking for clams	mi hanˋeˇ	looking for clams	mi hanˋeˋ
Grinding	Grinding Boiled Rice	mo banˆeˇ	Grinding Boiled Rice	mo ban e
fried	烰	poˇ	烰	peuˇ
Deep-fried dishes, tempura	Boiled vegetables	poˇ coi	Boiled vegetables	peuˇ coi
bake	to bake	poi	kang	hang'
very refreshing	when cool	dongˊ songˋ	cover refreshingly	goi songˋ kuai
final result	ending	giedˋkiug	ending	giadˋkiug
strong	strong	gienˊ kiongˇ	strong	gianˊ kiongˇ
easy	Should	goi'	easy	iungˇi
very bright	Guanghuahua	gongˊ vaˇ vaˇ	Guanghuahua	gongˊfaˇfaˇ
rare	rare	han' ded'	rare	honˋdedˋ
Lucky	Lucky	lucky	lucky	iun hi hoˋ
Reality	Reality	hien siid	Reality	hian siid
Filial piety	filial piety, filial piety	hienˇ hau, iuˊ hau	filial piety, filial piety	hianˇ hau, iuˊ hau
good luck	so empty	hoˋkungˊ	so empty	hoˋ kangˊ
cold	cold	honˇ	cold people	honˇnginˇ
hansome	fate	ienˇdauˇ	fate	ianˇdauˇ
Task	Task	im vu	Task	ngim vu
small or thin	young cub	iu iu eˋ	young cub	iu iu eˊ
excellent	iuˊxiu	excellent	Deng Zhen	denˊziinˊ
destiny	fate	iun miang	destiny	miang iun
forever	forever	iunˋgiuˋ,iunˋienˋ	forever	iunˋianˋ
slight, insignificant; easy	Lightweight	kiangˊ koˋeˇ	Lightweight	kiangˊ koˋeˊ
shortcoming	shortcoming	kiedˋdiamˋ	shortcoming	kiadˋdiamˋ
generous, generous	generous	koi	Roughly	tai koiˋ
miserable cold look	Leng Qin Qin Zi	langˊxim xim eˋ	Leng Qin Qin Zi	langˊxim xim eˊ
flexible	skid	liuˊ liagˋ	skid	liu liag
obvious	obvious	minˇhienˋ	obvious	minˇhianˋ
Nothing at all	no half breath	moˇ ban xid	no half breath	moˇ ban xidˋ
very hard	hard	ngang ngang	hard	diag ngang
vision	vision	ngienˊgongˊ	vision	ngianˊgongˊ
reason	reason	ngienˇinˊ	reason	ngianˇinˊ
desire	desire	ngien mong	desire	ngian mong
desire; addiction	wish head	ngien teuˇ	wish head	ngian teuˇ
world	world	nginˇgienˊ	world	nginˇgianˊ
rich	plentiful	pong' pai	Vegetables	cam coi
anyhow	to the fullest	qinˋqinˋcaiˋcaiˋ	to the fullest	qin qin caiˊ caiˊ
extremely intimate	Intimate boy	qinˊ nagˋ nagˋeˇ	Intimate boy	qinˊ nagˋ nagˊeˊ
complacent; love present	Sand nose	sa'pi	wind god	fungˊ siinˇ
color	color eyes	sed mug	color lips	sedˋ siinˇ/xinˇ
Mimi's smile	smile mimi boy	seu miˊ miˊ eˋ	smile mimi boy	seu miˊ miˊ eˊ
Generous	generous	tai banˊ, tai fongˊ	outstanding	cud zung
deliberately	challenge	tiauˊ sii、tiauˊ tiauˊ	tick test	ti sii
straightforward	Straight	tiauˇciid	stiff	ngang ciid
condition	condition	tiauˇkien	condition	tiauˇkian
dark; dirty	Wu Shushuzi	vuˊ soˇ soˇ eˋ	Wu Shushuzi	vuˊ soˇ soˇ eˊ
pouting, looking displeased	pouty boy	zoi du du eˋ	pouty boy	zoi du du eˊ
responsibility	responsibility	jid im	responsibility	jidˋngim
almost	strong will	kiongˇkiongˇvoi	risk meeting	hiamˋhiamˋvoi
go to jail	Sit down	coˊ gonˋ eˇ	in jail	co'gam'
the court	the court	fab ien	the court	fab ian
emperor	emperor	fongˇdi	emperor	fongˇti
exercise	exercise	ienˊxib	exercise	ianˊxib
court, the level of the executive branch	……hospital	...... ien	……hospital	... ian
right	right	kienˇli	right	kianˇli
force	force	pu cui	force	pu dui
vote	vote	teuˇpeuˊ	vote	teuˇpeu
invite; gather	make up	ceu	invite	ieu'
father in law	old man	congˊ minˊ loˋ	old man	congˊ minˇ loˋ
The original intention is to take time out, to take time, and it is extended to be active, but it must be actively done	draw room, draw	cuˊ gienˊ, cuˊ kienˊ	draw room, draw	cuˊ gienˊ, cuˊ gianˊ
genealogy	genealogy	cug pu	genealogy	cug puˊ
care about	care about	gie gau	care about	gie gau
complain, blame	to blame	gien guai	to blame	gian guai
suggestion	suggestion	gien ngi	suggestion	gian ngi
no matter who	To see people	gien nginˇ	To see people	gian nginˇ
advice	persuasion	kien va	persuasion	kian va
support	lead into	kienˊ siinˇ	lead into	kianˊ siinˇ
rogue	Bass eel	luˇmanˇeˋ	Perch head	luˇ manˇ teuˇ
enthusiastic	enthusiastic	ngied ximˊ	enthusiastic	ngiad ximˊ
age	age	ngienˇlinˇ	age	ngianˇlinˇ
forgive	pardon	ngieuˇsa、ngieuˇ	forgive	ngianˇ liong
slave	slave	nungˇ coiˇ	slave	nuˇ coiˇ
baby	baby boy	oˇ nga eˋ	baby boy	oˊ ngaˊ eˋ / oˊ ngaˊ eˋ
elder	World adults	sii tai nginˇ	adults	tai nginˇsaˇ
Sister-in-law	Sister-in-law	tai soˋ	Big sister-in-law	tai aˊ soˋ
shirk	push	toi'	push	tuiˊ
decline	decline	toiˊciiˇ	decline	tuiˊ ciiˇ
reunion	reunion	tonˇienˇ	reunion	tonˇianˇ
pretend	cheater, faker, faker	za i e, ga i e, ga hi e	cheating	za sii, ti sii
Refers generally to the back; last	wrap tail	bau'mi'	last	zui miˊ
beside	lip, lip, lip	bienˊ sunˊ, sunˇ bienˊ, sunˇ hong	lips	siinˇheuˋ
silently; shut up, be quiet	Tian Tianzi	diamˊ diamˊ eˋ	Tian Tianzi	diamˊ diamˊ eˊ
then	then	dongˊngienˇ	then	dongˊngianˇ
heartily	Take it easy, take it easy	fong se eˋ, biong se	try to	qin lion
There	The trace, the item	ge jiagˋ vi eˋ, ge hong	The interest	ge xidˊ
how long	how long	gidˋgiuˋ	how long	idˋgiuˋ
Anyone can...	When you meet people, you..., when you meet people, you...	gien nginˇ qiu……, gien nginˇ qiu siiˊ	meet people...	gian nginˇ qiu...
in the room	Between the belly, between the belly item, the middle belly, the middle item	gienˊ duˋ, gienˊ duˋ hong, gienˊ duˋ eˋ, gienˊ hong	Between the belly, between the belly item, the middle belly, the middle item	gianˊ duˋ, gianˊ duˋ hong, gianˊ duˋ eˊ, gianˊ hong
sometimes	Under the handle	ha ba eˇ	Under the handle	ha ba e
all of a sudden	so sweet	hoˋ diamˊ diamˊ	so sweet	hoˋdiamˋdiamˋ
year round	all year round	idˋngienˇteu tienˊ	all year round	idˋngianˇteu tienˊ
a period of time	Yibazi	idˋbogˋeˇ	Yibazi	idˋbogˋeˋ
more and more...	more and more...	ied loiˇ ied...	more and more...	iad loiˇ iad...
Insist on, force people to do things they are not capable of or unwilling to do	strong, tough, tough	kiongˊ kiongˇ, ngiang ngiang, pienˊ pienˊ	dead stick	xiˋguˋ
space	space	kungˊgienˊ	space	kung'gian'
Finally; later (position, time	tail down	labˊmiˊ、miˊha	tail down	ladˊmiˊ、miˊha
very close	Lin Lin Tsai	limˊ limˊ eˋ	Lin Lin Tsai	lim' lim' e'
near noon	Linri Aberdeen, Linrii Bian, Linriitou	limˇ zu eˋ, limˇ zu bienˊ, limˇ zu teuˇ	By day	dongˊ zu bienˊ
a little	a little boy	liog liog eˋ	a little boy	liog liog eˊ
not long	not long	moˇ giˋ giuˋ	not long	moˇ idˋ giuˋ
original, original	originally	ngienˇcai	originally	ngianˇcai
Era	Era	ngienˇ toi	Era	ngianˇ toi
most	do your best	qin hoˋ	most	zui / zuiˋ hoˋ
with one's own eyes	with one's own eyes, with one's own eyes	qinˊ ngienˋ, qinˊ mugˋ	with one's own eyes, with one's own eyes	qinˊ ngianˋ, qinˊ mugˋ
swiftly, diligently, aggressively	Shashazi	sadˋ sadˋeˇ	Shashazi	sadˋ sadˋ eˊ
midnight	starry midnight	sangˊ gongˊ ban ia	midnight	samˊ gongˊban ia
some, slight	Little Kezi	seuˋ koˋeˇ	Little Kezi	seuˋ koˋeˊ
beside	lip item	sun hong	lips	siinˇheuˋ
secretly	sneak boy	teuˊ teuˊ eˋ	sneak boy	teuˊ teuˊ eˊ
on the head	top of head	teuˇnaˇdangˋ	first item	teuˇnaˇhong
in the past	swing forward	vongˊ baiˋ, nun baiˋ	swing forward	vongˊ baiˋ, nung bai
Quite, very	completely new	zamˋienˇ	brand new	zamˋianˇ, zamˋmanˇ
period	period	kiˇgienˊ	period	kiˇgianˊ
not yet	Worship	mangˇ siiˋ	not yet	hanˇ / vanˇ mˇ siiˋ
honestly	white talk	da pag gong	To put it bluntly	gongˋpag loiˇ
Already... still	limit... also	han sii... hanˇ	limit... also	han sii... vanˇ
always	once	idˆdanˋ	Cong Dan	qiungˇdanˋ
Have it	had	qienˇiuˊ	dare to have	gamˋ iuˊ
In case, if	pick up	giam-cai-	Department of quasi-speaking, quasi-speaking	he zunˋ gongˋ, zunˋ gongˋ
locomotive	train mom	foˋcaˊmaˇ	locomotive	foˋ caˊ teuˇ
the construction	the construction	gien sad	the construction	gian sad
stamp	stamp	iuˇpeuˊ	stamp	iuˇpeu
car	car, dwarf	kieu caˊ, aiˇmaˇeˋ	car, dwarf	geuˊ caˊ, aiˊmaˇeˊ
Establish	Establish	gien lib	Establish	gian lib
pay a New Year call	pay a New Year call	bai ngienˇ	pay a New Year call	bai ngianˇ
Succession	pass incense, pass cigarettes	conˇ hiongˊ foˋ, conˇ hiongˊ ienˊ	pass incense, pass cigarettes	conˇ hiongˊ ianˊconˇ hiongˊ ianˊ
become in-laws	marriage, marriage	giedˊqinˊgaˊ	get married	giadˋqinˊ
Public Hall (the main hall where ancestor tablets are enshrined)	public hall	gung'tang'	Under the hall	tang'ha'
leap year	leap year	iun ngienˇ	leap year	iun ngianˇ
leap month	leap month	iun ngied	leap month	iun ngiad
New Year	New Year	ngienˇdan	New Year	ngianˇdan
Holidays	festival	ngienˇ jiedˋ	festival	ngianˇ jiedˋ
New Year's Eve	New Year's Eve	ngienˇ samˊ siib am buˊ	New Year's Eve	ngianˇ samˊ siib am buˊ
Lunar New Year's eve	year thirty	ngienˇsamˊsiib	year thirty	ngianˇsamˊsiib
Pavilion of Relics	Pavilion of Sacred Relics, Pavilion of Characters and Papers, Pavilion of Respecting Characters	siin jiagˋ/jidˋ tinˇ, sii ziiˋ tinˇ, gin sii tinˇ	Xizi Pavilion	xiagˋ sii tinˇ
passed away	Detox	xiaoˊtedˋ	dead core	xiˋhedˋ
new house	Bridal Room, Bridal Room, Bridal Room	xinˊ ngiongˇ gienˊ, xinˊ fongˇ, tung fongˇ	Bridal Room, Bridal Room, Bridal Room	xinˊ ngiongˇ gianˊ, xinˊ fongˇ, tung fongˇ
session (quantifier)	session	gie	session	giai
a little bit	One drop boy	idˋ did eˋ	One drop boy	idˋ did eˊ
circle (quantifier)	lock up	kienˊ	lock up	kian'
branch (quantifier, count branch)	cherry tree	kua	cherry tree	pa
Building (quantifier, house)	fall	log	building	dung
wheel	wheel	lin'	lock up	kian'
Second	Second	ied	Second	iad
Discount	Discount	da zad	Discount	da zed
pity; waste	play cool	da song	wave nucleus	nong / long hedˋ
clerk	clerk	diam ienˇ	clerk	diam ianˇ
gamble	gamble	du gieu	gamble	du bog
Accounting	Accounting	fi gie	Accounting	fi gi
calculate	calculate	gie son	calculate	gi son
plan	plan	gie vag	plan	gi vag
on the street	street corner, street corner	gieˊ sii teuˇ, gieˊ lu teuˇ	street item, street item	giaiˊ sii teuˇ / giaiˊ lu teuˇ, giaiˊ lu hong / giaiˊ eˋ hon
settlement	settlement	gied son	settlement	giad son
cash	cash	hien gimˊ	cash	hian gimˊ
rich	good amount	ho ngiag	mouth, hair	iuˊ heuˋ, iuˊ bodˋ
traveler	traveler	liˊ hagˋ	traveler	li'hag'
gift certificate	gift certificate	liˊ kienˋ	gift certificate	li'kian
at a loss	Intuit	liau ted	nuclear	liau hed
Member of Parliament	Member of Parliament	ngi ienˇ	Member of Parliament	ngi ianˇ
at a loss	lose money	sad bun, liau bun	money	liauˋqienˇ
design; calculation	design	sad gie	design	sad gi
midwife	midwife	sanˋ poˇ	Lightweight woman	kiangˊ siinˊ poˇ
Receive a monthly salary	eclipse	siid ngied gibˋ	eclipse	siid ngiad gibˋ
multiplication	take	siin	take	ciinˇ
collection	Collect	suˊ sii	Collect	suˊseu
save money	save money	cunˇqienˇ	hold money	hiabˋqienˇ
director	director	to ien'	director	to'ian'
statistics	statistics	tung gie	statistics	tung gi
member	member	viˊienˇ	member	viˊianˇ
document	document	vunˇkien	document	vunˇkian
Cheque	Cheque	zii'peu'	Cheque	zii' peu
staff	staff	ziidˋienˇ	staff	ziidˋianˇ
pork stall	pig anvil	zu'diam'	pork belly	zuˊngiugˋdamˊ
worth	worth	dad ded	worth	ciid ded
Dictionary Dictionary	dictionary	ciiˇ dienˋ	dictionary	ciiˇdiamˋ
swing	Dangling bars	diau gongˇ gong eˋ	swing bar	diau gongˇ gong
campus	campus	gauˋienˇ	campus	gauˋianˇ
Huqin	Sawing strings, stringing strings	gi hienˇ eˋ, aiˊ hienˇeˋ	Sawing strings, stringing strings	gi hianˊ eˋ, aiˊ hianˇ eˋ
pen	fountain pen, perpetual pen	gong bidˋ, van ngienˇbidˋ	fountain pen, perpetual pen	gong bidˋ, van ngianˇ bidˋ
speech	speech	gongˋienˊ	speech	ianˊ gongˋ
drum	drum boy	guˋeˇ	drum boy	gu e
college	college	hog ien	college	hog ian
script	script	kiag bun	script	kiug bun
climb mountains	kick hill	kied san'	Bashan	bag san'
serial drama	serial drama	lienˇxiug kiagˋ	serial drama	lienˇxiug kiug
language	language	ngiˊngienˇ	language	ngiˊngianˇ
graduate School	graduate School	ngienˊ giu soˋ	graduate School	ngianˊ giu soˋ
ball-point pen	ball-point pen	ngienˇziiˋbidˋ	ball-point pen	ngianˇziiˋbidˋ
dictionary	dictionary	sii dienˋ	dictionary	sii diam
long jump	long jump	tiau ienˋ	long jump	tiau ianˋ
literature	literature	vunˇhien	literature	vunˇhian
graduate	graduate	zudˋngiab	graduate	ziiˋngiab

5 Conclusion

The main purpose of this article is to describe, discuss and compare the differences between the northern accent and the southern accent of the four-county dialect of Hakka in Taiwan. First, understand the northern four-county dialect and the southern four-county dialect from the fields of the number of speakers, geographical distribution, and language classification. The background concept and knowledge, and then discuss from various aspects of pronunciation, such as a more in-depth analysis of initials, finals, tones and tone changes, and finally list the differences in the use of southern and northern vocabulary for comparison, which has made readers A clearer understanding of the difference between the two.

Through the discussion of the above chapters, it is understood that although the four counties in the south and the north are different, they can still communicate with each other in most cases. For example, the four counties in the north and most of the four counties in the south have eighteen consonants, but the four counties in the south Only some areas of the county (Gaoshu, Jiadong, Xinpi) have an extra initial consonant; although there are differences in the finals of "ii / i", "ian / ien", "ai / e", and "i / ui", but The vowels are quite similar; except for the Yinping tone of the Meinong accent (the Yinping tone of the Meinong accent is "33", and the other four county accents are "24"), the tones of other regions are almost the same; In the tone-modifying part, only Yinping in the four northern counties and some Yangping in the four southern counties have tone-modifying differences, and there is not much difference in other contexts.

In addition, compared with the dialects of the northern counties, the dialects of the southern counties are more likely to be influenced by dominant languages such as Chinese and Hokkien for a long time. In addition, the number of speakers in the southern counties is not as large and concentrated as that of the northern counties, so Hakka People may have more than two languages, dialects or accents to face life, as well as frequent switching between different languages, which causes different degrees of changes in phonology and vocabulary when different languages come into contact with each other, resulting in Many fused or mixed sounds and vocabularies. For example, the Chinese word for "gambling" is "ㄉㄨˇ ㄅㄛˊ" (dǔ bó), and it is pronounced "duˋ" in Beisi County.⁽³¹⁾ gieu⁽³¹⁾", but in Nansi County, it is pronounced as "duˋ⁽³¹⁾ bog⁽²⁾"The pronunciation of "Bo" in the four southern counties is obviously influenced by Chinese; the word "fat" in Chinese is used in both Hakka and Hokkien as the word "big hoop", and the pronunciation of Hokkien is "tuā -khoo” (tua²⁴ khoo⁵⁵), but the northern four counties are pronounced as "tai⁽⁵⁵⁾  kieu'⁽²⁴⁾"But Nansi counties are pronounced as "tai⁽⁵⁵⁾ ko'⁽²⁴⁾", this is likely because the pronunciation of "Hoop" in Nansi County is influenced by Hokkien, while "Da" retains the Hakka pronunciation. From this, we can know that the four southern counties are more influenced by Chinese and Hokkien, and there are also great internal differences among the four southern counties, while the four northern counties are more uniform in comparison.

In short, although the dialects of the four counties in the south and the north are part of the four county dialects of the Hakka language in Taiwan, there is not as much difference in communication as other accents, but there are differences to a certain extent, especially many words in the four counties in the south are influenced by The influence of dominant languages such as Mandarin and Hokkien produces shadows of other languages. Therefore, in terms of classification and Hakka certification, the four-county dialect is separated from the four southern counties. If you want to learn the northern four-county accent and then learn the southern four-county accent, it is much easier than other accents, and it is easier to test Hakka certification than other accents.

references

1. Qiu Sui (2018), <Research on the Inner Language of Nansi County Accent—Taking Neipu Hakka-speaking area as the object of investigation>. Department of Chinese Literature, National Chung Cheng University.
2. Hakka Committee (2019), <Hakka certification teaching materials and test questions download>. Hacker Network Academy.
3. Ministry of Education (2006), <Explanation of relevant information on the dialects of Dapu, Raoping, Zhaoan and Nan four counties>. A dictionary of frequently used Taiwanese Hakka words.
4. Ministry of Education (2006), <Taiwanese Hakka Pinyin System>. A dictionary of frequently used Taiwanese Hakka words.
5. Wikipedia Editor (2019), <Four County Dialect>. Wikipedia.
6. Wikipedia Editor (2019), <Taiwanese Hakka>. Wikipedia.
7. Wikipedia Editor (2019), <Taiwan language list>. Wikipedia.
8. Zhong Rongfu (2017), "An Introduction to Taiwanese Hakka Phonetics (2 Editions)". Taipei City: Wunan.
9. Luo Jili (2012), "Primary Hakka for University (with a listening CD and 100 years of Hakka test questions)". Taipei City: Wunan.

update record

1. 2022/05/16, multilingual version added.
2. 2022/02/17, updated text.
3. 2021/10/02, add <Four counties anddifference〉The link of the article, as well as related explanations, to show the difference between the main purpose of this article──the differences between the four counties in the north and the south, and further reading.